A 2023 Point of View on Vietnamese Painting – The Good Man, The Bad Man and The Ugly. Or a Compromise of The Soul with the Instinct by Christie’s Senior Expert Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Hubert and the Vietnamese translation.<\/p>\n\t
NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong> T\u1ed0T, K\u1eba X\u1ea4U V\u00c0 T\u00caN K\u1ec6CH C\u1ee0M. HAY TH\u1eceA HI\u1ec6P C\u1ee6A T\u00c2M H\u1ed2N V\u1edaI B\u1ea2N N\u0102NG: M\u1ed8T G\u00d3C NH\u00ccN V\u1ec0 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccA VI\u1ec6T NAM N\u0102M 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ef9 h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3u k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac, trong cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, 4 b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh cho th\u1ea5y hai k\u1ebb gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3 b\u1ee9c tranh Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eadu, g\u1ea7n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2022 v\u00e0 hai nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c “s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Alix Aym\u00e9 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eadu. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong v\u00f4 v\u00e0n nh\u1eefng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c…<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u1ed9i nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “nh\u1eefng b\u00e0n tay nh\u1ecf b\u00e9” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, trong ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n – b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu ta b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao thoa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u1eadt m\u1ecfng manh.<\/p>\n S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, ai \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: Qu\u1ed1c gia, h\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, x\u00e1c th\u00e2n, k\u00fd \u1ee9c, di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i l\u00ean ho\u1eb7c thu h\u1ed3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, g\u00e2y x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a, gay g\u1eaft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i.<\/p>\n C\u00e1i mong manh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c l\u00e2m th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 Andr\u00e9 Comte-Sponville vi\u1ebft trong T\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3n Tri\u1ebft H\u1ecdc (Paris 2021, trang 362), ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng (c\u0169ng) l\u00e0 “l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ngo\u1ea1i quan (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t) ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecf b\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00fd l\u1ebd (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p x\u1ea5u nh\u1ea5t)”. C\u00e1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i quan \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft tinh th\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu l\u1eabn nhau. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 \u00a0g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y – theo th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 h\u00f3a l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng trong M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt tai ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean l\u1eeba g\u1ea1t. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m k\u00ea…<\/p>\n 1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t:\u00a0<\/strong>H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Bao h\u00e0m v\u00e0o L\u1ecbch s\u1eed sau m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn<\/strong><\/p>\n A. Cu\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb “ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a” v\u00ec kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n: m\u1ed9t “qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh”, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y do t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Le Robert \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn khoa tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u01b0a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt do ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba) v\u00e0 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng (ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c), hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u b\u1edfi Victor Tardieu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ki\u00eam hi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1924. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p phi th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng… K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (s\u01a1n d\u1ea7u tr\u00ean v\u1ea3i, s\u01a1n m\u00e0i, gi\u1ea5y v\u1ebd…) hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp (b\u1ed9t m\u00e0u v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c tr\u00ean l\u1ee5a) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 Vi\u1ec7t Nam (t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi “th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 b\u1ecf \u0111i” c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Gertrude Stein g\u1ee3i l\u00ean).<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 lan truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau (SADEAI, FARTA, Salon Unique), qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m Thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u0103m 1931 (v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i), Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m To\u00e0n C\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1937, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, t\u1ea1i Paris n\u01a1i \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh t\u1ebf C\u1ee5c (AGINDO) \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 b\u1edfi “th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n”, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y (1931, 1937, t\u1ea1i Rue La Bo\u00e9tie cho \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng Kinh t\u1ebf C\u1ee5c AGINDO) \u1edf Paris, \u0111i theo sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c di c\u01b0 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho “Kinh \u0110\u00f4 \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng”. V\u0169 Cao \u0110\u00e0m, L\u00ea Ph\u1ed5, Mai Th\u1ee9, L\u00ea Th\u1ecb L\u1ef1u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 theo sau \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ebd \u1edf Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0, ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfn tranh, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00e1nh: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi T\u00f4 Ng\u1ecdc V\u00e2n, Nguy\u1ec5n Phan Ch\u00e1nh, L\u01b0\u01a1ng Xu\u00e2n Nh\u1ecb, Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n C\u1ea9n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi sang Ph\u00e1p. Hai nh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda, thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c (qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n B. Thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p: N\u0103m 1945, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00f2n hoang t\u00e0n, khan hi\u1ebfm ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y (r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u…) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea7n l\u1ee5i t\u00e0n, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 “Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng” bi\u1ebfn Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gay g\u1eaft: Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o 9 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1945, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 mong mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111i n\u1ed7i nh\u1ee5c nh\u00e3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n n\u0103m 1940.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam, s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf khi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 g\u00ec mang t\u00ednh “thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba” kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1o r\u1ed7ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi… \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129, tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng khan hi\u1ebfm. Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 tr\u00f2: Tardieu m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1937, ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng; Inguimberty tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u0103m 1946, xa r\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ebd v\u1ec1 Calanques hay Franche-Comt\u00e9; L\u00ea Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 V\u0169 Cao \u0110\u00e0m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y M\u1ef9 Wally Findlay n\u0103m 1963 trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Mai Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Apest\u00e9guy c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. L\u00ea Th\u1ecb L\u1ef1u \u00edt v\u1ebd. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1 s\u0129 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Jean Volang m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo phong c\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0m v\u1edbi nhu\u1ec7 kh\u00ed ti\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 B\u1eafc. \u1ede mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, sau khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i b\u1ecb Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n th\u1eddi cho th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c trong ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 tham gia du k\u00edch, tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi hy sinh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt y\u00eau th\u00edch s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng trang gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho nh\u1eefng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Tr\u00ed, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u vong \u1edf H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1946, quay v\u1ec1 n\u0103m 1953 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi di c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Nam. Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eadu th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, Ho\u00e0ng T\u00edch Chu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ki\u00ean tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n \u00dd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc “Thuy\u1ebft Duy Th\u1ef1c”, Paris, 1998 c\u1ee7a Michel Aucouturier \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00ean \u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 v\u1edbi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng b\u1ecb tranh c\u00e3i ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tranh c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Phan Ch\u00e1nh,…<\/p>\n \u1ede mi\u1ec1n Nam, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc sau n\u0103m 1954, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng tr\u1ebb m\u1edbi qua Tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9 Thu\u1eadt \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho n\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n giao h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng, t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 90, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng m\u1edbi…<\/p>\n C. Cu\u1ed9c l\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n<\/strong><\/p>\n Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i d\u00e0y v\u00f2 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam d\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0, phong \u0111\u1ed9. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong “B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u00e0 Robert P. Piccus”, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Christie’s \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng v\u00e0o 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1984. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 v\u1eadt Champa, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 “Thanh Ho\u00e1” xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 hay b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng trong kho d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t \u00edt ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Khmer v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd.<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u0103m 1995 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i: Le Bon March\u00e9 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u00f4i l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m Vi\u1ec7t Nam. “Vietnam of the Kingdoms”, v\u1edbi 100 000 l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ebfn xem \u0111\u1ea7y say m\u00ea trong 5 tu\u1ea7n, \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m (\u00e0…nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c…) in th\u00e0nh 5000 b\u1ea3n, b\u00e1n h\u1ebft s\u1ea1ch. M\u1ed9t h\u01a1i th\u1edf m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. N\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng t\u1ea1i Bon March\u00e9, tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m “The Soul of Vietnam” (“H\u1ed3n Vi\u1ec7t”) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y. Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 17 th\u00e1ng 2 n\u0103m 1995, cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho “Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Drouot. Ng\u00e0y 22 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1995, “Art of Vietnam, B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng Th\u00e1i T\u1eed B\u1ea3o Long” mu\u1ed1n mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0ng gia Hu\u1ebf cho s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft. C\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 vinh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p L\u00ea Ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o Long. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u0103n minh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u trang nh\u00e3. Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eadt n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1…<\/p>\n B\u00eca c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd mang t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft dinh th\u1ef1: T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn “The Mandarin’s Wife” c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ph\u1ed5 cho nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 Drouot \u1edf Paris v\u00e0o 16 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1996, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 Christie’s \u1edf Singapore v\u00e0o 28 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1999 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “The Two Sisters”, c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ph\u1ed5. B\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi – nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u… – trong khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 hai thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 B\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y Qu\u1ed1c gia Singapore (National Gallery of Singapore). M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb9p… Nh\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecda s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh.<\/p>\n Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1ecdn tranh Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m “Visions & Enchantment, Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1” do B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Singapore v\u00e0 Christie’s Singapore t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 8 th\u00e1ng 6 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 29 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2000.<\/p>\n V\u1edbi B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ho\u00e0ng gia Mariemont, t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m (hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o) “Arts du Vietnam la fleur du p\u00eacher et l’oiseau d’azur” (“Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam: \u0110\u00e0o Hoa v\u00e0 Thanh Long”) t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 20 th\u00e1ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 2002. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u1edbi Christie’s t\u1eeb 1996 \u0111\u1ebfn 2002, Sotheby’s t\u1eeb 2003 \u0111\u1ebfn 2009 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i Christie’s t\u1eeb 2010 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp l\u1edbn. N\u0103m 1989, Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1997, T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5p cho t\u00f4i ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 “Nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Vi\u1ec7t Nam”.<\/p>\n Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng\/th\u1eddi gian \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 n\u00e2ng t\u1ea7m h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n N\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1924 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2023, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p thi\u00ean th\u1ef1c (s\u1ef1 che khu\u1ea5t), vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1m hoa k\u1ebft tr\u00e1i m\u1edbi. Ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p: nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng ta \u0111\u1eebng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n… \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n (t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong), m\u1ecb d\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e1m l\u1ee3i danh b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean th\u00ec k\u1ebb b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch…<\/p>\n 2. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t. \u1ede Ph\u00e1p, th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ea9y tr\u1eafng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebfu chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n<\/strong><\/p>\n A. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p: t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee5t h\u01a1i, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u 14-18, h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 40-44, kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1980. S\u1ef1 h\u1ee5t h\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n “v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 c\u1edd gi\u01b0\u01a1ng cao” m\u00e0 Leon Trotsky r\u1ea5t y\u00eau qu\u00fd.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh trong cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c n\u0103m 2012 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u1edf Paris, n\u01a1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 “gi\u00e1m tuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1ch m\u1eddi” c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c (l\u00e0m c\u00e1i c\u1edb ngo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea1m) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd c\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e0ng th\u1ee3 may \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia gi\u1ecfi trong ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u00edt cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eaft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 kh\u1eafp Paris, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, cocktail, nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m ri\u00eang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Victor Tardieu mua ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf B\u1ec9. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 anh ta mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n catalog h\u1ea1ng xo\u00e0ng. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 “Journal des Arts” m\u1edbi c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u1ee5 b\u00ea b\u1ed1i n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3…<\/p>\n Qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y? B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia B\u1eafc \u00c2u ho\u1eb7c B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n Gi\u1edbi xu\u1ea9n ng\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a “b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u00f9”.<\/p>\n Tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 th\u1eeba th\u00e3i nh\u1eefng ly cocktail, nh\u1eadm ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0103n theo l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. \u0110\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch”, “Th\u01b0 k\u00fd”, “Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean”, “Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0103n b\u00e1m Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m xa hoa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ty qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o, t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh tour du l\u1ecbch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi, vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ngang ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ngoan c\u1ed1 hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3.<\/p>\n T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tai h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 khinh r\u1ebb b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 mong manh v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec3m nguy s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n C\u00f2n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec sao?<\/p>\n Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh “\u0110\u1ed5i m\u1edbi” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n B. Vi\u1ec7t Nam: t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n<\/strong><\/p>\n Chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f3.<\/p>\nL\u00fd do t\u00e0n ph\u00e1: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ee9c tranh b\u00e1u v\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n H\u1ed9i h\u1ecda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed5 b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t. B\u1edfi v\u00ec… Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u1ee3i ca th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n “Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a” v\u1ed1n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1 100 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, 5 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c mua “T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng” v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb “di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd”.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p trong n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u, \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sai l\u1ec7ch trong c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng “y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc” c\u1ee7a anh ta nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a anh ta.<\/p>\n \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, ba l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m (h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111au kh\u1ed5), m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m (kinh t\u1ebf) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c”, c\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u00f3i, c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng – th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng – v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a phong c\u00e1ch, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tai h\u1ea1i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch song ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t-Ph\u00e1p-Anh “Les peintres de l’\u00e9cole sup\u00e9rieure des beaux-arts de l’Indochine” (H\u1ecda s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Cao \u0111\u1eb3ng M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng), xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1993, do Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ph\u00f2ng v\u1edbi Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 “bi\u00ean t\u1eadp v\u00e0 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m”; L\u00ea Thanh \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e0 “c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n”. M\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eadt k\u00ec l\u1ea1 khi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef pha t\u1ea1p v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecdc c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3a t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p (kh\u00f3a 16, dang d\u1edf, 1942-1945) t\u1ea1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n t\u00f4i l\u00e0 Jean Volang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng khi sang th\u0103m anh \u1edf Paris, Quang Ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eadt kh\u00f3c v\u00e0 xin l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a anh… \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t…<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 174 trong s\u1ed1 180 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn b\u1edfi Reporters sans Fronti\u00e8res (t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi) – theo l\u1ec7nh (m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o “l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7” \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef 5 n\u0103m), v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Anglo-Saxon li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i xung quanh r\u1ea5t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc (s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd?).<\/p>\n Ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Abartchuk, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Vassili Grossman trong ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c “Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 d\u1eb7n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau:<\/p>\n Thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ef1c quan, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng M\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tranh kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c do thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin sai l\u1ec7ch ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng tranh \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf S\u00e0i G\u00f2n, mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc cho th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y khi vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n tranh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y m\u01b0u v\u00e0 m\u00e1nh kho\u00e9 xa v\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0, ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e2y th\u01a1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ai \u1edf b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh h\u1ecd n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecda s\u0129… nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9a con b\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a “Ph\u1ed1 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i”, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn b\u1ee9c tranh gi\u1ea3. \u0110\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1eadn m\u1eaft nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y anh \u1ea5y lang thang, tr\u00f4ng ph\u1edd ph\u1ea1c, c\u00e1ch “H\u1ed3 Ho\u00e0n Ki\u1ebfm” H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng xa… T\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh cho anh \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khoan dung nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ngo\u00e0i khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i l\u00ean. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p, em r\u1ec3 (t\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 l\u1edbn Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecda s\u0129 trong th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i… anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m cho 350 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a anh v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh, trong khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ebd trong \u0111\u1eddi… ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 40 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt…<\/p>\n K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00f3m, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1i gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111am m\u00ea h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng trang b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n: quan s\u00e1t, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, so s\u00e1nh, suy ng\u1eabm. M\u1ed9t ch\u00fat gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd nghe, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n C. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c g\u00f3c khuy\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c gh\u00e9p c\u1eb7p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gh\u00e9p \u0111\u00f4i gi\u1eefa m\u1ecb d\u00e2n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n Cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng may n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1eaft n\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n 3. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o. S\u1ef1 tr\u00e0n lan \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Vi\u1ec7t Nam: k\u1ebb l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadp m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 k\u1ebb pha tr\u00f2 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t (h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh)<\/strong><\/p>\n A. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, k\u1ebb l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con bu\u00f4n<\/strong><\/p>\n Tranh gi\u1ea3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/strong><\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng coi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng (h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng…) v\u00e0 g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng danh ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1 c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y gi\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ti\u1ec1n cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng…) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ngai v\u00e0ng (Eldorado), d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. Cu\u1ed3ng m\u00ea b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u01a1n b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc coi th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u…<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed1c, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3…<\/p>\n H\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i – n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o – n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u0103ng m\u1ea1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ec9 b\u00e1ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 t\u00e2ng b\u1ed1c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd, nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1edbn…<\/p>\n Ba c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi: hai nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p: AL. ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 KV. ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1eb7t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a anh ta. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m tranh gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang (v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed nh\u1ecf…) v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. TC, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba, m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 r\u1edfm th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 T\u1ea1 T\u1ef5… l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00f3m th\u1ee3 ch\u00e9p tranh gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, kinh t\u1ebf, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, s\u1ef1 gia nh\u1eadp nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf – m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 – v\u00e0 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng do chi\u1ebfn tranh.\n